Answer :
Final answer:
Yes, the Calvin cycle reactions can happen in daylight. The Calvin cycle is the part of photosynthesis that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and is not directly dependent on light. It uses the products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. The phases of the Calvin cycle are Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration. Two substrates that normally bind to RuBisCO are carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). During photorespiration, glycolate-2-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate are substrates in RuBisCO's active site.
Explanation:
Yes, the Calvin cycle reactions can happen in daylight. The Calvin cycle is the part of photosynthesis that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and is not directly dependent on light. It uses the products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Definitions:
- RuBP: RuBP stands for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, which is a five-carbon sugar that plays a key role in the Calvin cycle as the starting molecule for carbon fixation.
- RuBisCO: RuBisCO is the most abundant enzyme on Earth and stands for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. It is responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle, catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP.
- G3P: G3P stands for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is a three-carbon sugar phosphate that is an intermediate molecule formed during the Calvin cycle.
Phases of the Calvin cycle:
- Carbon Fixation: In this phase, carbon dioxide is combined with RuBP by RuBisCO to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
- Reduction: During this phase, ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
- Regeneration: In the final phase, some of the G3P produced is used to regenerate RuBP so that the cycle can continue.
The two substrates that normally bind to RuBisCO are carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). During photorespiration, when RuBisCO binds to oxygen (O2) instead of carbon dioxide, the substrates in its active site are glycolate-2-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate. Normally, one molecule of G3P is produced from one molecule of RuBP in the Calvin cycle. However, if RuBP binds to O2 instead of CO2, only one molecule of G3P is produced from one molecule of RuBP.
Photorespiration is most likely to occur under high temperatures, low carbon dioxide levels, and high oxygen levels. These conditions can lead to the binding of oxygen by RuBisCO and the subsequent wasteful release of carbon dioxide through the process of photorespiration.
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