Answer :
Final answer:
Direct transmission can occur through skin contact, ingestion or inhalation, and venereal means, which involve direct contact from one host to another or from a mother to a child. Vector contact through animals like mosquitoes or ticks represents vector transmission, not direct transmission.
Explanation:
Direct transmission occurs when a pathogen is transmitted directly from an infected animal to another through certain specific means. The modes of transmission you've outlined suggest various forms of direct contact transmission. This can include:
- Contact transmission which involves physical contact such as touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse, and is often required to make contact between mucous membranes.
- Vertical transmission, which refers to the transfer of a pathogen from a mother to her child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.
- Ingestion or inhalation of particles carrying pathogens which can cause infection upon entering the body.
However, transmission through a vector, such as an arthropod like mosquitoes or ticks, would not be considered direct contact transmission but rather vector transmission, which typically involves biological or mechanical vectors.
Therefore, the correct answers for direct transmission from the options provided would be:
- Ingestion or inhalation
- Skin contact
- Venereal means
Vector contact refers to biological vector transmission, which is separate from the direct transmission methods listed above.