Answer :
The correct answer is c. party discipline in Congress.
The rise of the incumbency effect, which refers to the advantage incumbents have in elections, has been attributed to various factors. However, the factor that is not typically attributed to the incumbency effect among the options provided is party discipline in Congress (option c).
The incumbency effect is primarily influenced by factors such as name recognition of the incumbent due to franking privileges (option a), which allow incumbents to send mail to constituents at government expense;
constituent service (option b), where incumbents can leverage their position to assist constituents and gain their support; and the incumbent advantage in obtaining campaign contributions (option d), as incumbents often have established networks and resources that can aid their fundraising efforts.
Party discipline in Congress is more related to the ability of political parties to maintain unity and enforce collective action among their members. While party support can be beneficial to incumbents, it is not a direct factor contributing to the incumbency effect as name recognition, constituent service, and fundraising advantages are.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. party discipline in Congress.
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