Answer :
Transfer of pathogens from host to environment and then to another host are said to be transmitted indirectly.
What is indirect transmission?
When there is no direct human-to-human touch, indirect transmission takes place. Contact with infected surfaces or items, as well as with vectors like rats, dogs, flies, mosquitoes, mites, fleas, and ticks, happens from a reservoir.
What is a host?
A host, whether a parasitic, mutualistic, or commensalist visitor, is a larger organism that harbors a smaller organism.
Examples include cells that harbor harmful viruses, animals that serve as hosts for parasitic worms (such as nematodes), and plants like beans that support beneficial bacteria that fix nitrogen. More specifically, in botany, a host plant serves as a food source for micropredators, which have an ectoparasitic-like evolutionary stable connection with their hosts.
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