Which of the following steps of the Calvin cycle is INCORRECT?

A. Carbon fixation: 3 CO₂ molecules are needed for every molecule of G3P output in the Calvin cycle.
B. Reduction: Energy in the form of ATP and electrons from NADPH are needed in this step, and both are produced by the light reactions.
C. Release of G3P: All of the G3P produced in the Calvin cycle are released so that glucose and other organic compounds can be created.
D. Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP): Some of the G3P generated in the Calvin cycle is used to form RuBP to begin the cycle anew.
E. None of these steps of the Calvin cycle are incorrect.

The incorrect step of the Calvin cycle is the complete release of G3P for glucose formation. Only one G3P molecule leaves the cycle to contribute to glucose formation, remaining molecules are used for the regeneration of RuBP.

Explanation:

The Calvin cycle comprises of three main stages: Carbon fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration of RuBP. The incorrect step in the options provided is c. Release of G3P. All of the G3P produced in the Calvin cycle are not released for glucose formation. Instead, one molecule of G3P leaves the cycle and contributes towards glucose formation, while the remaining are used for the regeneration of RuBP, which allows the cycle to continue. Particularly, it takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to make one molecule of glucose as it requires the fixation of six CO2 molecules.

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