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Why did some European monarchs in the 18th century come to be known as enlightened despots?

Answer :

Final answer:

In the 18th century, some European monarchs became known as enlightened despots because they embraced Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute authority. They promoted reforms, reason, and cultural advancement in their nations. Notable figures like Frederick II, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II exemplify this leadership style.


Explanation:

Enlightened Despots in the 18th Century

During the 18th century, several European monarchs came to be known as enlightened despots due to their incorporation of Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power. This term describes rulers who embraced some of the principles of Enlightenment thinkers, such as liberty, progress, and reason, yet simultaneously retained their authority and control over the state.

Characteristics of Enlightened Despots

Enlightened despots aimed to modernize their countries and improve the lives of their subjects through reforms. Below are some key features:

  1. Reforms: They implemented reforms in education, legal systems, and governance aimed at improving society.
  2. Reason: Many of these rulers viewed themselves as rational and benevolent leaders, believing that their enlightened views justified their absolute rule.
  3. Patronage of the Arts and Sciences: They often supported the arts and sciences, fostering cultural development as a way of promoting national pride and progress.

Examples of Enlightened Despots

Some notable examples of enlightened despots include:

  • Frederick II of Prussia: He promoted religious tolerance, legal reform, and invested in the arts and education.
  • Catherine the Great of Russia: Catherine corresponded with many Enlightenment philosophers and enacted numerous reforms to modernize Russia.
  • Joseph II of Austria: Known for his radical reforms in areas like serfdom and religious tolerance, Joseph II sought to improve the status of his subjects.

While these rulers were considered enlightened in terms of their policies and ideas, they firmly held onto their power, which distinguishes them from more democratic forms of governance that arose later.


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