Answer :
Final answer:
In the 18th century, some European monarchs were termed enlightened despots for their reform efforts influenced by Enlightenment ideas. They aimed to improve society through legal, educational, and economic reforms while retaining absolute power. Notable enlightened despots include Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa, and Catherine the Great.
Explanation:
Enlightened Despots in the 18th Century
In the 18th century, some European monarchs came to be known as enlightened despots due to their attempts to implement reforms inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment. These reforms were characterized by a focus on reason, individual rights, and the welfare of their subjects while maintaining absolute power.
Enlightened despots believed that their reforms would strengthen their rule and promote the welfare of their people. They enacted policies aimed at modernizing their countries, such as:
- Legal Reforms: Many monarchs implemented new laws to promote justice and equality. For example, Frederick the Great of Prussia abolished torture and promoted religious tolerance.
- Education: They invested in public education and encouraged scientific inquiry. Maria Theresa of Austria, for instance, made significant advances in the educational system to improve literacy rates.
- Economic Policies: Enlightened despots often pursued economic innovations, such as supporting agricultural improvements and infrastructure development. Catherine the Great of Russia promoted the cultivation of new crops and improved trade routes.
Through these reforms, enlightened despots aimed to embody the ideals of the Enlightenment while asserting their control over their states.
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