How is RuBP regenerated in the Calvin cycle?

A. 4 GSP get rearranged to 3 RuBP, and phosphates are added from ATP.
B. 6 G3P get rearranged to 3 RuBP, and phosphates are added from ATP.
C. 3 RuBP get rearranged to 6 G3P, and phosphates are removed.
D. RuBP is directly produced from carbon dioxide and water in the cycle.

RuBP is regenerated in the Calvin cycle through the conversion of three RuBP molecules to six G3P molecules, and then the use of five G3P molecules to regenerate three RuBP molecules.

Explanation:

In the Calvin cycle, RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is regenerated through a series of reactions. Three molecules of RuBP are converted to six molecules of G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate), which requires the input of three ATP molecules. Then, five of the G3P molecules are used to regenerate three RuBP molecules, with the help of three ATP molecules. This regeneration step allows the Calvin cycle to continue and fix more carbon dioxide.

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