Answer :
Final answer:
The pancreas is an elongated organ located between the stomach and the small intestine, consisting of a head, body, and tail. The pancreatic acini are grape-like cell clusters that secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice. The pancreatic islets produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
Explanation:
Pancreas: A. Identify the head, body and tail of the pancreas
The pancreas is an elongated organ located between the stomach and the small intestine. It consists of a head, body, and tail. The head is on the right side and lies within the curve of the duodenum. The body extends horizontally across the abdomen, and the tail extends to the left side near the spleen.
B. Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions
The pancreatic acini are small grape-like cell clusters located at the terminal ends of the pancreatic ducts. They secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice into tiny merging ducts. The pancreatic juice contains digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and proteases. These enzymes help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, during digestion in the small intestine.
C. Identify the pancreatic islets and discuss their functions
The pancreatic islets, also known as the islets of Langerhans, are endocrine cells within the pancreas. They produce and release hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells, while glucagon raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of stored glucose from the liver.
D. Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow of pancreatic enzymes
The pancreatic duct is responsible for carrying pancreatic juice from the acini to the duodenum. It merges with the common bile duct before entering the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla. The hepatopancreatic sphincter, also known as the sphincter of Oddi, controls the release of pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine. This sphincter ensures that the pancreatic enzymes and bile are released at the appropriate time during the digestive process.
E. Identify components of pancreatic juice and their functions in the digestive processes
Pancreatic juice is composed of several components, including enzymes and buffers. The enzymes found in pancreatic juice include amylase, lipase, and proteases. These enzymes play crucial roles in breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, during digestion. In addition to enzymes, pancreatic juice also contains bicarbonate ions, which act as buffers to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach as it enters the small intestine.
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