Answer :
Final answer:
By 1789, Enlightenment ideas largely permeated the ruling classes in Europe, mainly in western European countries like France, influencing future governance and revolutions.
Explanation:
By 1789, Enlightened ideas had significantly influenced the ruling classes of Europe, particularly in western European countries like France. This period, known as the Enlightenment, championed ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, and the separation of church and state, opposing the traditional divine right monarchies.
France became the epicenter of these Enlightenment ideas, with philosophers such as John Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu challenging the old regime and advocating for a government based on the natural rights of individuals and the principles of liberty, equality, and brotherhood. These ideas culminated in the French Revolution, which sought to establish a new political and social order based on these enlightened principles.