Answer :
Final answer:
Exposure to bloodborne pathogens in occupational settings primarily occurs through direct contact with infected fluids, needlestick injuries, and contact with contaminated surfaces. So the correct option is 1, 2 and 3.
Explanation:
The primary ways exposure to bloodborne pathogens occur in an occupational setting, particularly among healthcare workers, include:
- Direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, such as via needlestick injuries, cuts, or other breaches in the skin.
- Contact with contaminated surfaces or objects where the virus can remain infective for up to seven days.
- Needlestick injuries from using non-disposable syringes or needles, which can transmit bloodborne pathogens.
- Inhalation of airborne pathogens like flu and cold viruses, though not typically how bloodborne pathogens are transmitted.
- Ingestion of contaminated food or water, which is less common in occupational settings known for bloodborne pathogen risks.
Healthcare workers need to employ standard precautions like using protective gear, proper sterilization, and post-exposure protocols to mitigate these risks.